Malkia Elizabeth II pamoja na mawaziri wake wakuu wa Jumuiya ya Madola mwaka 1962. Picha: Alamy
Nani aliyeunda Jumuiya ya Madola na kwa nini?
Katika mkutano wa mwaka 1926, Uingereza na Himaya zake zilikubaliana kwamba wote walikuwa wanachama sawa wa jamii ndani ya Himaya ya Kiingereza. Wote walikuwa wana wajibu wa utii kwa mfalme au malkia wa Kiingereza, lakini Ufalme wa Muungano haukuwa utawale juu yao. Jamii hii ilijulikana kama Jumuiya ya Madola ya Mataifa ya Kiingereza au tu Jumuiya ya Madola.
Kwa nini inaitwa Jumuiya ya Madola?
Katika karne ya 17, maana ya “jumuiya ya madola” iliongezeka kutoka maana yake ya awali ya “welfare ya umma” au “jumuiya ya watu wote” hadi maana ya “nchi ambapo mamlaka ya juu inawekwa kwa watu; jamhuri au nchi ya kidemokrasia”. Kwa hiyo, neno lilibadilika na kuwa kichwa cha aina kadhaa za mamlaka ya kisiasa.
Hakuna mahali pengine isipokuwa Uingereza ambapo kifo cha Malkia Elizabeth kiliweza kuwa na athari moja kwa moja zaidi kuliko katika mataifa 56 ya Jumuiya ya Madola.
Malkia marehemu alianza kutawala mwaka 1952 wakati Uingereza ilikuwa bado ni himaya kubwa duniani, ingawa India, Pakistan, na Ceylon—sasa Sri Lanka—tayari walikuwa wamepata uhuru.
Mwishoni mwa utawala wake, jua lilikuwa limekwisha kuzama kwenye himaya, ikiiacha Uingereza na visiwa vichache vya mbali kama mabaki pekee ya “familia ya kifalme” ambayo alikuwa ameapa, katika hotuba yake ya miaka 21, kuwahudumia kwa uaminifu maisha yake yote.
Licha ya jukumu lake kama kielelezo—kwanza wa himaya na kisha wa Jumuiya ya Madola, jaribio kwa sehemu la kufanikiwa la kuhifadhi vijiti vya ushawishi wa Uingereza baada ya ukoloni—Malkia Elizabeth alikuwa na jukumu kidogo sana katika mabadiliko ya ukoloni, isipokuwa kulazimishwa kubadilika kutokana na hali hiyo.
Utawala wake ulikuwa wa kiseremonia kwa kiasi kikubwa: alitarajiwa kuwepo, si kutawala.
Hii alifanya kwa neema isiyo ya kawaida, tabia yake kwenye kiti cha enzi ilijulikana kwa utulivu usio na ubinafsi, kujinyima kabisa na uaminifu kwa mapambo ya umma wa nafasi yake.
Lakini hakufanya maamuzi yoyote, kufanya sera, na mwishowe, hakuchukua jukumu lolote kwa maendeleo yoyote yaliyoathiri ustawi wa “watawala” wake katika himaya ya zamani.
Mabadiliko ya maeneo ya kikoloni ya Uingereza kuwa umoja wa aina fulani unaweza kufuatiliwa hadi mwaka 1926, wakati Uingereza na himaya zake (ambayo pia iliitwa wakati huo kama “Jumuiya ya Madola Nyeupe”—Australia, Canada, New Zealand, na Afrika Kusini) walikubaliana kwamba wangekuwa “wameungana kwa ushirika wa pamoja kwa Ufalme,” huku wakidai usawa wao wa hadhi kama mataifa huru.
Sheria ya Westminster iliweka rasmi uhusiano huu mwaka 1931 na kuanzishwa kwa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Mataifa. Wakati India ilipopata uhuru mpya na kuchagua kuwa jamhuri lakini kubaki katika Jumuiya ya Madola, Waziri Mkuu wake wa kwanza, Jawaharlal Nehru, alisisitiza kwamba katika ulimwengu unaoendelea kuwa wa kimataifa, mtandao uliowakilishwa na Jumuiya ya Madola ya Mataifa ulikuwa na kusudi la manufaa.
Mataifa mengine wanachama, walikubali mantiki yake, walitoa Azimio la London la 1949, kuruhusu India, Pakistan, na Ceylon kujiunga “kama wanachama huru na sawa.” Tangu wakati huo, Jumuiya ya Madola ya Mataifa—kinachojulikana kama “British” kidogo na kidogo—imewakubali mataifa mengine huru ambayo, kama India, hawakutaka kiapo cha utii kwa taji. Leo Jumuiya ya Madola pia inajumuisha Mozambique na Rwanda, ambazo hazikukoloniwa na Uingereza.
Nchi zipi ziliacha Jumuiya ya Madola?
Mataifa yaliyokuwa wanachama hapo awali Kujiunga na Kuacha
Ireland 19 Novemba 1926 -18 Aprili 1949
Zimbabwe 18 Aprili 1980 -7 Desemba 2003
Malengo na lengo kuu la Jumuiya ya Madola:
Kulinda mazingira na kuhamasisha matumizi endelevu ya rasilimali asilia kwenye ardhi na baharini. kukuza biashara na uchumi. kusaidia demokrasia, serikali, na utawala wa sheria. kukuza jamii na vijana, ikiwa ni pamoja na usawa wa jinsia, elimu, afya na michezo.
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